And the SOY Award for the Best Male Singer goes to?

In KL Saigal’s active years, the Best Male Singer was generally a one-horse race. He has sung great songs in 1941, too, in the film Lagan. Yet he is not a runaway winner. Nay, I would say with Doctor (1941) in which Pankaj Mullick appears as an actor-singer and the music director, he came up with a score of a lifetime. With six immortal solos from this film which I have included in the Overview Post, Pankaj Mullick is by far the front-runner in 1941.  

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Harmonica songs

14 May 2024

In my series of articles on musical instruments starting from the grand piano I have gradually covered smaller instruments, the last being the flute. I end the series with a still smaller instrument. Harmonica is a pocket-sized most intimate instrument as you play sliding it over your lips and blow air into its holes. Behind each hole is at least one reed. The basic parts of a harmonica are the comb, reed plates and cover plates. The comb, because of its shape like a comb; the reed plates and cover plates make a sound chamber which creates melodious music depending on the skill of the player. Harmonica is also popularly known as the mouth organ. It comes in various types and is used in many genres of music. You can refer to Wikipedia for more technical details.  

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Best songs of 1941

3 May 2024

And the winners are

The regulars of SOY who have been following year-wise reviews of the best songs of the year would have noticed an interesting feature. Every vintage year was characterised by some film(s) whose music became timeless. If we had Rattan in 1944 by Naushad, we had Kismet and Tansen in 1943, and Basant and Bhakt Surdas in 1942. 1941 too is no exception. If KL Saigal is there in a year, you can expect some everlasting songs. But besides Lagan (1941), Doctor helmed by the actor-singer Pankaj Mullick from New Theatres turned out to be an artistic and musical masterpiece. It is remarkable that New Theatres achieved that with a social message.  

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DIRECTOR’ CHAIR
Hindi Cinema’s Golden Age
By Manek Premchand
Published by: Blue Pencil 2024
ISBN: 978-81-956660-8-9; Pages: 571
Price (Paperback on Amazon): ₹750

Manek Premchand is a familiar name to the readers of Songs Of Yore. He has written a number of books on Hindi film music and music personalities. The title of this book and the picture on the cover of a chair with ‘DIRECTOR’ written on it makes it clear that it is about film directors.

If you take films as broadly comprising two verticals – creative and business – the director is the master of the first part, while the producer, who has the purse-strings and who is concerned with box office sales and profits, is in-charge of the business part of film-making. It would appear that a film should be identified more with the producer as he is the ‘owner’ of the product, but when the audience sees it, it impacts them as a creative work: the acting, story-line, its treatment, cinematography, music, editing etc. Even during the studio era, many classic films were identified with the great directors. This was formalised as ‘auteur theory’ by French film critics and directors like Truffaut and Godard which held that a great director does not merely ‘stage’ a script or a novel on to the screen, but he infuses it with his distinct touches and nuances. Thus he has the greatest influence on the film, making him the ‘auteur’ (author) of the film.

This massive book contains mention of over 530 directors from the silent era to 1980. The author has divided the directors into three segments: The Early Masters; The Significant Virtuosos; and The Honourable Others. In addition, the book contains other sections titled: Special Notes; Index of Directors; and Bibliography. Not all the directors in the book get equal space. Some are just mentioned in a list of names. Some are covered in a few lines or paragraphs. Some whose contribution is immense are described in a number of pages. This is how you would expect it to be.

The Introduction briefly describes the process of film making and the central role of the director in the process. Manekji mentions the challenging task he has taken upon himself. His main interest and books have been on the audio world – singers, lyricists and composers. While sitting in the recording room the author wondered how it would be to venture into the visual world where the director straddles as the Master of the Universe. He  also states that at times there is a blurring of roles between the producer, director, music director, hero when personalities exercise influence beyond their defined roles.

The Early Masters starts with Dadasaheb Phalke, the father of India cinema. His expertise was in painting and photography. He got obsessed with films after watching some silent films in France on the life of Christ. On return he made a documentary of Delhi Durbar and, subsequently, by borrowing heavily and pawning wife’s jewellery, he made what was credited as the first Indian feature film, Raja Harishchandra (1913). Its success spurred him to make more mythologicals. There is a controversy if the credit for the first feature film should go to Raja Pundalik (1912) directed by RG Torne a year earlier. As this film had an English cinematographer, the credit was given to Raja Harishchandra, being a completely Indian enterprise. Some pioneer Dadasaheb Phalke was!

The next profile is of another milestone man, Ardeshir Irani, who is credited with making the first talkies, Alam Ara (1931), which pipped Madan Theatres of Calcutta to the post by less than a month. These great studios straddled both the silent and talkies era. The transition from silent to talkies was viewed with some scepticism, as it was also in Hollywood. Finally, Irani had his day. Though no print of Alam Ara exists, De de khuda ke naam par de de sung by WM Khan is etched in history as the first ever song of Hindi films. (WM Khan happened to reprise this song much later in his own voice, so we are familiar with the tune.)

The profiles of the early masters in this section, such as Baburao Painter, BN Sircar (New Theatres), Chandulal Shah (Ranjit Movietone), Debaki Bose, Himanshu Rai (Bombay Talkies), Mohan Bhavnani, PC Barua etc. show a common thread that there was no clear break between silent and talkies. The early pioneers after making talkies continued making silent films, too, for some years post-1931.

Thus this section is a veritable history of the infancy of our cinema. You also get interesting trivia and idiosyncrasies of the early Masters. For example, the actor-director PC Barua, who was from a princely family, had a leopard as a pet. Homi Wadia wanted to marry the Fearless Nadia, but his mother could not brook his son marrying a firangi Hunterwali (she had a son too from her previous marriage!). They waited for decades, and married only after his mother passed away. They were into their fifties at the time of marriage. A very poignant balance between filial love and romantic love.

The book also describes in detail the disturbing times in the wake of the World War II when the German director and technicians of Bombay Talkies were first interred and, subsequently, deported to Germany. This shocked Himanshu Rai a great deal and he died on 16 May 1940. This sparked an internecine war within the Bombay Talkies. Devika Rani tried to manage it under the dual control of Amiya Chakravarty and Sashadhar Mukherjee. This also didn’t last long. Ironically, the super success of Kismet (1943) brought the differences to a breaking point. Sashadhar Mukherjee along with his brother-in-law Ashok Kumar and other associates broke out to form their own production house, Filmistan.

While on this, Manekji’s narrative suggests that Sashadhar took the help of Ashok Kumar, who was already well-settled in Bombay Talkies, to get a foothold in the Studio. My recollection from readings is the other way round; it was Sashadhar who helped Ashok Kumar, and his other brothers to get entry into Bombay Talkies and the film line.

The Significant Virtuosos contains substantive profiles of Amiya Chakravarty (he made appearance in the earlier section too), AR Kardar, Asit Sen (not the comedian; but the comedian Asit Sen who was senior, also directed a couple of films), Baburao Patel (of FilmIndia fame), Basu Bhattacharya, Basu Chatterjee, Bimal Roy, BR Chopra, Chetan Anand, Dev Anand, Gulzar, Guru Dutt, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, K Asif, KA Abbas, Kamal Amrohi, Kidar Sharma, Mehboob Khan, Nitin Bose, Raj Kapoor, Sohrab Modi, V Shantaram, Vijay Anand, Yash Chopra etc. This is a Roll of Honour of all the great directors and others.

This section is the meat of the book. The profiles are not only descriptive sketches of their lives and works, but are also about their styles and nuances – by illustrations from their famous films. For example, while talking about Seema (1955), Manekji describes how Amiya Chakravarty’s camera shows Nutan’s moral dilemma by focusing on the coin on the street, and her feet and her face. She is hungry, she looks around, since no one is watching she covers the coin, then retracts her feet. Finally, she gives the coin to the urchins. Similarly, you get to understand Bimal Roy’s Point of View shot in the climax of Do Bigha Zameen (1953) when the rickshaw-puller Balraj Sahni is made to race against another rickshaw faster and faster for money. The wheels of the rickshaw start coming off, and you hear his ‘aah’. You know what has happened, but instead of focussing on the accident, Bimal Roy shows wobbling Victoria Memorial. The audience sees the scene through the injured rickshaw puller’s eyes.

AR Kardar was among the very few people who directed films at all the three centres, Lahore, Bombay and Calcutta. Post-Partition, Kardar along with Mehboob Khan went over to Pakistan, but soon they were disillusioned and came back to Bombay to have a very successful run.

The Honourable Others mentions a number of others, some with a few lines, but they are hardly left-overs. The names cover a wide span from the vintage era to the current time. It includes people like Jaddanbai, Leela Chitnis, Master Vinayak (Nanda’s father), Motilal, Prithviraj Kapoor, to Govind Nihalani, Muzaffar Ali etc. In fact you can quarrel with the author on his choice of celebrities for longer profiles and lesser importance to some you may consider more illustrious.

The last section Special Notes packs a lot of interesting information and trivia in 18 pages. One interesting trivia is about the song Dukh bhare din beete re bhaiya (Mother India, 1957), sung by Rafi, Manna Dey, Asha Bhosle and Shamshad Begum. You would imagine the song to be picturised on two men and two women. But in the first part Raj Kumar lip-synchs both Rafi and Manna Dey, and Nargis, both Asha Bhosle and Shamshad Begum. Similarly, in the second part of the song Rajendra Kumar and his lover Kumkum, each get to lip-synch the same two singers. Shakeel Badayuni-Naushad-Mehboob Khan committing such errors! Greatness does not necessarily mean perfection.

Many readers of this blog have been requesting for reviews of interesting books relating to films and music. DIRECTOR’S CHAIR fills up an important gap, and is a worthwhile acquisition. You would like to browse through it again and again. Both the author and the publisher, Blue Pencil deserve our compliments.

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The concluding article in the series on Arrangers and Musicians by guest authors, Piyush M Pandya (Gujarati original) & Ashok M Vaishnav (English translation), wishing everyone Eid Mubarak

(As we celebrate Eid, our guest authors Piyush M Pandya and Ashok M Vaishnav mark the happy occasion with their concluding article in the series on Arrangers and Musicians. In the thirteen earlier articles, eleven focussed on individual talented artistes, such as Anthony Gonsalves, Van Shipley, Enoch Daniels etc, and two were devoted to families whose more than one generation comprising several artistes made an impact – The Lords and Ramprasad Sharma & Sons.  

The concluding article brings the curtain down on the people who remained behind the curtain anyway. This also marks the end of the way music was made – a metaphorical dusk of an era. The authors discuss four different artistes who were active during the dusk. On behalf of the readers I convey our heartfelt gratitude to Piyushji and Ashokji for this wonderful series and a befitting concluding article. – AK)

Arrangers and musicians have been the unsung heroes, who gave shape to the music in films with their imaginative art and creative craft. Some of these arrangers and musicians had their work documented, howsoever sketchy it was. However, there are many more who remained unsung within the tribe of ‘unsung heroes’. We conclude our present series with four such unsung among unsung musicians whose work has mainly trickled in through the public programmes they have participated in, even though each one was a master of his own instrument(s), and has enriched the Hindi film music by expanding the range of these instruments.

Bhanu Gupta

The world of science is replete with cases where some great inventions happened from inadvertent errors. One most famous example is that of Penicillin. Sir Alexander Fleming was working on a cure for Pneumonia, rampant during WWI. In 1928, Dr Fleming observed that a particular type of mould growing on a Petri-dish of Staphylococcus bacteria seemed to be preventing the bacteria around it from growing. We know that accidental discovery of the mould as almost cure-all, Penicillin.  

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Guest article by Piyush M Pandya (Gujarati original) and Ashok M Vaishnav (English translation)

(Ramprasad Sharma may be an unfamiliar name to many, but Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo were the biggest guys on the film music scene. They broke all the records: for number of films for which they composed music, total number of songs by them, total number of songs for the biggest singers, Lata Mangeshkar and Rafi. They went through the grind, climbing all the ladders from the beginning: musician, arranger, assistant music director and finally the pinnacle. Pyarelal was the son of Ramprasad Sharma, who was a highly respected musician, scholar, music director and teacher in the 40s and early 50s. His other sons too, namely Gorakhnath, Ganesh, Anand, and Naresh; and grandsons Monty and Mithun all came into music.

Ramprasad’s pupils include a galaxy of well-known names who came to him to learn notation. He did not achieve great commercial success as a music director, and had to work for other music directors like Naushad and C Ramchandra. The trumpet in ‘Suhani raat dhal chuki’ was played by Ramprasad Sharma. I profusely thank the guest authors Piyush M  Pandya and Ashok M Vaishnav for covering an important personality and his family in the series on Arrangers and Musicians. – AK)

The title of this episode may sound like a typical name we were used to seeing on the signboards in the markets in any town during the 1950s to ‘70s. The signboard would further read “Wholesale Merchants of Grains” or “Wholesale Cloth merchants” etc. Well, what has that to do with this series about musicians and arrangers? Is the present episode about some such firm which probably had been associated with ‘selling’ music instruments?

Well, No. Ours is a narrative of three generations of artists who have been practicing musicians in the world of Hindi film music: Ramprasad Sharma, a complete music director, researcher, composer and arranger with an in-depth knowledge of all known musical instruments, their notations and playing techniques in Indian as well as western styles; his sons: Pyarelal, Gorakhnath, Ganesh, Anand, Naresh; and the grandsons: Monty and Mithun. As is the case with most of the second and third tiers of artists like arrangers and musicians under the label ‘Music Director’, these names would not make sense with most of us, unless we further qualify Pyarelal with the suffix of ‘Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo’.

Ramprasad Sharma

Ramprasad Sharma (1900 -1995) belonged to Gorakhpur in the then United Provinces (present day Uttar Pradesh). The band master of Bharatpur State recognised Ramprasad’s flare for instrumental music. He played the trumpet here. He then played in Agra Military Band. This groomed him into the art of music arrangement to rise to the position of Band Master in a circus. He toured Delhi, Lahore and Calcutta with the circus. He settled for some time in Calcutta and worked for Columbia and New Theatres. At that stage, he mastered playing ten instruments and had acquired good knowledge of intricacies of classical raags.  

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Guest article by Sivanandam Palamadai as a tribute to Rafi with 35 songs in 35 years (1946-1980) in the continuing series of articles on Rafi’s centenary (24th December 1924-31st July 1980)

(Songs Of Yore is celebrating 2024 as the centenary year of Mohammad Rafi. I heralded the year with his solos from A to Z. He has been the most prolific and versatile singer. Therefore, he can be discussed in several combinations and on many parameters.

Sivanandam Palamadai is a well-known Rafi fan. He writes regularly for a site dedicated to Rafi. My natural thought was to sound him whether he would be interested in contributing an article for Rafi’s centenary year. As I had expected he readily agreed. His debut article for SOY was also on Rafi with his songs for unrecognised composers.

Sivanandamji has been a marketing professional about 60 years of age, now living in Pune for 28 years in semi-retirement by choice. In this article he discusses Rafi’s 35 songs, one each year during his career (1946-1980). Rafi’s career actually started in 1944, but I suggested to start from 1946 when we started getting his great songs which achieved long-lasting fame. I am responsible for chopping off the first two years, but Sivanadamji deserves our appreciation and thanks for presenting a nice bouquet of 35 songs over 35 years. With this article you also get to appreciate many songs of Rafi with a new insight on his way of emphasising or elongating certain words. – AK)

When AK Ji wrote to me asking whether I would be interested in writing an article on Rafi on his centenary year, I was elated beyond words. This is a task that I would consider a blessing from the heavens! The year 2024 marks the birth centenary year of the legendary Rafi sahab  and I do not know when AK ji would be publishing this, but let us celebrate Rafi throughout the year. I do not think Rafi needs any introduction to the very knowledgeable readers of SOY and so I will skip even a brief biography. In his glorious career of around 35 years, he won the hearts of the listeners not only with his singing but, more importantly, with his humbleness and humanitarian character he earned people’s  love and respect. There can be personal likes and dislikes on music composers, singers, lyricists etc, but it is indeed rare to find anyone talk anything negative  about Rafi, the human being. The way he could emote the song depending on the mood and actor on whom it was picturised is legendary and one can say that he created a unique style of playback singing.  

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Commemorating the International Women’s Day with female duets

Men may not be from Mars nor women from Venus, but there is a fundamental difference in the way the two genders bond with each other. In semi-urban settings at a party, the two genders automatically segregate, each forming their own group. We generally ascribe it to patriarchy. But at a recent get-together for three days at a resort with colleagues, including women colleagues and their spouses, we were at a dinner hosted by a local friend. As the number of guests increased, there was a need for some to move into another room to decongest. We didn’t realise there was anything unusual when men moved into another room until, after some time, the ladies led by some feisty colleagues trooped into the room slamming the gender segregation. Patriarchy surely does not explain this.  

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Guest article by Piyush M Pandya (Gujarati original) and Ashok M Vaishnav (English translation)

(The “Lords”, i.e. the father Cawas Lord and his two sons – Kersi and Burjor Lord – have lorded over the instrumental music in Hindi film songs right from the beginning of the talkies till the 1980s when the era of live orchestra by musicians and arrangers in the music room was caming to en end. The SOY regulars will recall the review of Greg Booth’s “Behind the Curtain“. Therefore, it is very befitting that the guest authors, Piyush M Pandya and Ashok M Vaishnav, now write on the most illustrious family of instrumentalists in the film music world. The Lords have seen the zenith of the sculptors of film music to their decline and disappearance of an era of how music was made in our films. Thank you Piyushji and Ashokji for another excellent article in the series on the Arrangers and Musicians. – AK)

Even in the absence of authentic statistics, there is unanimity among Hindi film historians that, from 1947 to 1987, one or other member of the Lord family – father Cawas Lord, the elder son Kersi Lord and the younger son Burjor Lord – has, on an average, played in every third song recorded in Bombay. Jazz and Latino music became integral to Bombay film music largely due to the Lords.

Cawas Lord

Cawas Lord (1911 – 2007) was born in a very strict and traditional Parsi family from Pune. Young Cawas was so much interested in music that at the age of 12 he migrated to Mumbai. His music career at Bombay commenced with playing military drums and bagpipes under various military bandleaders. By the ’30s Cawas Lord had started playing percussion instruments for earliest talkie films. He is said to have arranged the background score for India’s fist talkie film Alam Ara (1931).  

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Street Dancers of Bollywood

13 February 2024

Guest article by DP Rangan

(An interesting feature of our films is the dances performed in the streets, often by unknown actors. Sometimes the main protagonists also take to dancing and singing in the streets. Naturally a big crowd assembles around them enjoying the performance. These songs generally come at a critical juncture in the film, for relieving the tension, or as a surrogate for the inner feelings of shy lovers, or a gangster’s mole distracting the attention of the people for the gang to commit their act. These songs were key for taking the story forward. Often these songs became the high point of the film and achieved everlasting popularity – note the recent remix of ‘Jhumka gira re’ in ‘Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani’.  

Our guest author today is well-known to the regulars of SOY – he has written over 30 articles for the blog. Considering that Hindi is not his native language, and he is into 80s, and half the year he travels abroad, this is no mean feat. The theme ‘Street Dancers of Bollywood’ has long been on his radar, and in fact the completed article has been in my folder for quite some time. He is still not back in India from his travels. But I find he has been logging in and commenting nevertheless. Therefore, without waiting any further I post this superb article. Thanks a lot Mr Rangan. – AK)

It is next to impossible to determine when dancing as a sort of celebration was introduced among humans. Migration of homo sapiens commenced from Africa and over several millennium they spread over Europe and Asia. It is much later they settled in various places, found a community with distinct language of their own.  Once basic necessities of survival were achieved, society turned towards development of various kinds of artistic skills.  Music and dancing were the offshoot of such an endeavour. There is adequate archeological evidence of prevalence of a sort of music and dance even in early societies of human beings. Over a long period of time as they improved their standard of living, artistic skills also flourished in tandem. Music and dancing diversified among societies in the world and in our country this reached a pinnacle much earlier.  Many schools of music and dancing were established in different regions.  In music we had the Hindustani and Carnatic system.  In dance many offshoots as Kathak, Kuchipudi, Bharatnatyam evolved.  

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